Generation of Bulk Nanobubbles Using a High-Shear Rotor–Stator Device

We describe the generation of bulk nanobubbles (BNBs)in pure water using a high-shear rotor–stator device. The technique can be used in batch mode to produce relatively small volumes BNB suspension on order hundreds milliliters or semicontinuous process much larger tens liters, making it more amenable for scale-up. design stator influences effectiveness nanobubble generation. two operating modes generate comparable concentrations BNBs when similar configurations and hydrodynamic regime. yield enhanced up limit through greater energy input, longer times, higher temperatures release dissolved air by continuous additional sparging nitrogen. Sparging CO2, however, annihilates as forms carbonic acid which is detrimental stability BNBs.